Can realism explain both effectively?
The questions of war and peace, diplomacy, relations between states were considered in ancient China, ancient India and ancient Greece. However, it is generally believed that the study of world politics and international implications of relations as an independent subject began only after World War I, and appeared as a reaction to it. The understanding of world politics in the academic environment was reduced mainly to the views expressed by the American President Woodrow Wilson’s program through the conclusion of the war, “peace without victory.” This program became known as the “14 points.” The Second World War is the bloodiest of all experienced by mankind. From its beginning and till the end this war marked two milestones in world history. Unleashing the aggression of global status, fascist states destroyed the system of peace treaties.
Alignment of political realism is based on pessimism and determinism. Belief in the evil nature of man, the lack of any progress in social relations, aimed at reducing their conflict, characteristic of any kind of realism, both from a maximalist, unequivocally asserting the inevitability of war, to the more optimistic (contingent) structural realism, according to which the co-operation of actors under certain conditions can be more profitable for them than the competition.(Gilpin, 1988)
The methodological approach of realism is characterized as positivism. All scientific realists emphasize their research, not the accumulation of theological or metaphysical, but “positive” knowledge in their specialized field. In this case, realism was originally based on a metaphysical premise about the unchanged human nature. Realism can be considered rather worldview because it is quite difficult to clearly define as a theory, or even a group of theories. However, in this paper, as a starting point, use the following understanding of realism in a broad sense, this is research program, based on a particular perception of the world, which can be described as objectivist positivist rationalist pessimism. In the narrow sense of realism is state-centric method of analysis and the study of international relations, focused on the study of conflict and security. (Krauthammer, 2004)
For all followers of political realism is characterized by pessimism and lack of faith in the possibility of social progress. From the intensity of realism can be divided into minimum, moderate and radical. For radical realist international relations are “war of all against all” where the right is crucial only when equality of forces on both sides. In turn, the minimalist is of the view that morality and generally accepted standards of behavior have a certain influence on the behavior of states. In addition, the radical realist believes the main factor in international relations only the state, while the follower of minimum realism recognizes the influence of international organizations, and other factors. In other words, for the radical realist international relations are the absolute anarchy, while minimalist recognizes the existence of some international community, defined by common to all rules, regulations, values. (Donnelly, 2004)
Political realism is a complex installation in political theory and practice, focus on the objectivity of the analysis and evaluation of the facts and events in the political world. This theory is based on the recognition of the fact that at the heart of foreign policy is based on national and state interests, which are seen as the driving motive policy. The decisive role of the public interest in politics expressed, in particular, that the concepts and categories of “enemies” and “allies” are conditional and changing as the transformation of interests.
References
Donnelly, J. (2000). Realism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 231.
Gilpin, R. G. (1988). The Theory of Hegemonic War. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, p. 591-613.
Krauthammer, C. (2004). In Defense of Democratic Realism. The National Interest, p. 15-25.
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